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Unit 4 Natural Disasters-单元知识专题

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Unit 4 Natural Disasters - 单元知识专题

专题定位

本专题围绕人教版高中英语必修第一册 Unit 4 Natural Disasters（自然灾害）整理。解决的核心问题是：把单元里散落在听力、阅读、语法、写作各栏目的语言点串成一张可复习、可迁移的知识网，帮助你系统回顾自然灾害话题下的词汇、限制性定语从句（restrictive relative clauses） 这一高中最重要的语法之一、记叙性新闻特写（The Night the Earth Didn’t Sleep）的解读方法，以及”摘要写作”（summary writing）的规范套路。

适用阶段：

  • 刚学完 Unit 4，需要梳理巩固；
  • 月考 / 期末复习，需要快速回顾本单元词汇、语法和阅读重点；
  • 写作训练，需要掌握”摘要写作”的五要素与缩写技巧。

涉及教材与栏目

教材单元涉及栏目本专题对应内容
必修第一册Unit 4 Natural DisastersReading and Thinking主阅读 The Night the Earth Didn’t Sleep（唐山大地震）深度解读 + 逐句解读
必修第一册Unit 4 Natural DisastersDiscovering Useful Structures限制性定语从句（that / which / who / whom / whose）
必修第一册Unit 4 Natural DisastersReading for Writing摘要写作（summary）的五要素与写作步骤
必修第一册Unit 4 Natural DisastersListening and Speaking / Talking灾害报道、安全指引等话题词汇与功能句

核心词汇

释义以教材与本单元语境为准；标 ★ 的为高频考点词。

单词词性英文释义中文释义单元例句常见搭配
★ disastern.a sudden event causing great damage灾难；灾祸Natural disasters …a natural disaster / suffer a disaster
★ earthquaken.a sudden shaking of the ground地震A huge earthquake hit Wenchuan …a magnitude 7.8 earthquake
★ magnituden.the size of an earthquake震级；规模What was the magnitude of the earthquake?reach a magnitude of …
★ strike / struck / struckv.to hit; to happen suddenly袭击；侵袭The undersea quake struck around 7:00 a.m.strike sb / be struck by
★ ruinn. / v.destruction; a destroyed building; to destroy毁灭；废墟；毁坏a large city lay in ruins.lie in ruins / ruin one’s hope
★ destroyvt.to damage completely摧毁；破坏Nearly everything in the city was destroyed.destroy sth / be destroyed by
★ damagen. / vt.harm; to harm损失；损害… even caused damage more than 150 kilometres away.cause damage / do damage to
★ injure / injuryv./n.to hurt; a wound使受伤；伤… were dead or injured.be injured / suffer injuries
★ woundn. / vt.an injury; to hurt伤口；伤(相关) … terrible injuries …a deep wound / be wounded
★ trap / trappedv./adj.to catch; caught使困住；被困的… dig out those who were trapped …be trapped in / under
★ buryvt.to put a dead body in the ground; to hide埋葬；掩埋… to bury the dead.bury sb / be buried in (doing) sth
★ sheltern. / v.a place protecting from danger; to protect避难所；庇护Workers built shelters for survivors …a bomb shelter / shelter from
★ survivor / surviven./v.a person who survives; to live through幸存者；幸存Everywhere survivors looked …survive sth / a survivor of
★ rescuen. / vt.saving from danger; to save营救；救援The rescue work …rescue sb from / a rescue team
★ revivev.to come or bring back to life复苏；恢复Tangshan started to revive itself …revive the economy / revive sb
★ unifyv.to join into one统一；团结… people must unify …unify the country / be unified
★ wisdomn.knowledge and good judgement智慧… show the wisdom to stay positive …the wisdom of (doing) / wise (adj.)
★ effortn.hard work; an attempt努力… the tireless efforts of the city’s people …make an effort to / efforts to do
★ affectvt.to influence; to cause harm to影响；（灾害）袭击The earthquake affected an area of …affect sb / be affected by
★ effectn.a result结果；影响What are the possible effects of the disaster?have an effect on / side effects
★ crashv. / n.to hit violently; a violent hit碰撞；坠毁… a tsunami that crashed into coastlines …crash into / a car crash
★ sweep / swept / sweptv.to push along; to clean with a brush席卷；扫… cars were swept away by huge waves …sweep away / sweep the floor
★ shockn. / vt.a sudden surprise; to upset震惊；电击People were in shock …in shock / be shocked at / by
★ crackn. / v.a line of damage; to break裂缝；开裂There were deep cracks …a crack in / crack open
★ slide / slid / slidv./n.to move smoothly; a smooth movement滑动；滑落(相关) landslide 山体滑坡slide into / a landslide
★ volcanic eruptionn.an outbreak of lava and gas from a volcano火山喷发… a volcanic eruption …a volcano erupts
★ droughtn.a long period with no rain干旱… drought …suffer (from) a drought
★ floodn. / v.an overflow of water; to cover with water洪水；淹没Where are the floods?a flood of / flood the area
★ tornadon.a violent wind twisting in a circle龙卷风… a tornado in Memphis …a tornado hits / strikes
★ tsunamin.a huge sea wave caused by an earthquake海啸… a tsunami that crashed into coastlines …a tsunami warning
★ wildfiren.a fire spreading quickly in the wild野火；山火… a wildfire …fight a wildfire
★ electricityn.power carried by wires电；电学Water, food, and electricity were hard to get.cut off electricity / electricity supply
★ percentn.one part in a hundred百分之……About 75 percent of the city’s factories …75 percent (of …) / 75%
★ emergencyn.a sudden dangerous event突发事件；紧急情况Call an emergency number.an emergency kit / in an emergency

派生词补充：destroy → destruction → destructive；injure → injury → injured；survive → survivor → survival；affect → effect → effective；revive → revival；unify → unity → united；wise → wisdom；erupt → eruption。

核心短语与固定搭配

短语释义例句（优先取自单元原文）用法提示
★ lie in ruins成为废墟a large city lay in ruins.lie（lay/lain）躺/处于；ruins 用复数。
★ too … to …太……而不能Chickens and even pigs were too nervous to eat.表否定结果；可与 so … that … 转换。
★ as if / as though仿佛；好像It seemed as if the world were coming to an end!引导方式状语从句，常配虚拟语气。
★ come to an end结束… the world were coming to an end!= end / draw to a close。
★ cut across横穿；切断A huge crack … cut across houses, roads, and waterways.= go across。
★ in less than不到……In less than one minute, a large city lay in ruins.后接时间段。
★ nothing but只；只不过… there was nothing but ruins.= only。
★ tens / hundreds / thousands of数以……计的Tens of thousands of cows …数词复数 + of + 名词复数。
★ blow away吹走… no wind could blow them away.blow (blew/blown)。
★ fall down倒塌Even more buildings fell down.= collapse。
★ be hard to get难以获得Water, food, and electricity were hard to get.= difficult to get。
★ in shock震惊地People were in shock …= shocked。
★ dig out挖出；掘出… dig out those who were trapped …dig (dug/dug)。
★ provide medical care提供医疗… came to provide medical care.provide sth for sb / provide sb with sth。
★ get back up on one’s feet重新站起来；恢复Tangshan … get back up on its feet.= recover / stand on one’s own feet。
★ in times of在……的时候… in times of disaster …区别 at the time of。
★ stay positive保持积极… show the wisdom to stay positive …stay + 形容词。
★ sweep away席卷；冲走… cars were swept away by huge waves …= wash away。
★ be expected to预计会… the number of deaths is expected to grow …后接动词原形。
★ stay away from远离；避开Stay away from …= keep away from。
★ stay calm保持冷静The most important thing is to keep calm / stay calm.stay + 形容词。
★ first of all首先First of all, you should …= firstly。
★ make sure确保Make sure …后接 of sth / that 从句。
★ on hand在手边；现有… having on hand enough water and food …= available。
★ be known as作为……而闻名(复现)区别 be known for。

重点句型

句型 1：限制性定语从句（Restrictive Relative Clause）——本单元核心语法

  • 结构：先行词 + 关系词（that / which / who / whom / whose）+ 从句。
  • 例句（单元原文）：
    • The Tangshan earthquake was a terrible experience that my great-grandma cannot forget.（that 作宾语）
    • The couple who live next to us volunteered …（who 作主语）
    • Workers built shelters for survivors whose homes had been destroyed.（whose 作定语）
    • A doctor with whom James used to work died …（whom 作介词宾语）
  • 仿写：The man who lives next door is a doctor.

句型 2：too … to … 太……而不能

  • 例句（单元原文）：Chickens and even pigs were too nervous to eat.
  • 结构：too + 形容词/副词 + (for sb) + to do。
  • 转换：可与 so … that … (can’t / couldn’t) 互换：pigs were so nervous that they couldn’t eat.
  • 仿写：The box is too heavy for me to carry.

句型 3：as if / as though 仿佛（常配虚拟语气）

  • 例句（单元原文）：It seemed as if the world were coming to an end!
  • 结构：主句 + as if + 从句（从句用过去式表虚拟，be 动词多用 were）。
  • 仿写：He talks as if he knew everything.
  • 难点：表与现在事实相反用过去式（were）；表与过去事实相反用过去完成时（had done）。

句型 4：It seemed as if … 似乎……

  • 例句（单元原文）：It seemed as if the world were coming to an end!
  • 结构：It seems / seemed + as if + 从句。
  • 仿写：It seemed as if nothing had happened.

句型 5：The number of … is / was … ……的数目是

  • 例句（单元原文）：The number of people who were killed or badly injured in the quake was more than 400,000.
  • 辨析：The number of + 复数名词（……的数目，谓语用单数）vs A number of + 复数名词（许多，谓语用复数）。
  • 仿写：The number of students is increasing. / A number of students are playing outside.

句型 6：with 复合结构（with + 宾语 + 宾补）

  • 例句（单元原文）：With strong support from the government and the tireless efforts of the city’s people, a new Tangshan was built …（with + 名词短语，作伴随状语）
  • 拓展：with + 宾语 + 形容词/副词/介词短语/分词/不定式。
  • 仿写：He slept with the window open.

核心语法

本单元语法焦点：限制性定语从句（Restrictive Relative Clauses）

定语从句是高中英语最重要、最常考的语法项目。本单元聚焦限制性定语从句——对先行词起限定、识别作用，不可缺少，否则句意不完整。

一、基本结构

先行词（名词/代词）  +  关系词  +  定语从句
The man              who      lives next door is a doctor.

二、关系词的选择（核心考点）

关系词先行词在从句中充当例句
who人主语The couple who live next to us …
whom人宾语（口语可省）A doctor (whom) James used to work with …
whose人/物定语（表”……的”）survivors whose homes had been destroyed
which物主语/宾语The supplies which were provided …
that人/物主语/宾语a terrible experience that my great-grandma cannot forget

三、只能用 that 的情况（高考高频）

情况例句
先行词是 all, everything, anything, nothing, much, little 等All that I want is peace.
先行词被序数词或最高级修饰This is the best film that I have ever seen.
先行词被 the only, the very, the same 等修饰This is the only book that I have.
先行词既包括人也包括物The man and his dog that …
主句是以 who / which 开头的特殊疑问句Who is the man that is standing there?

四、关系代词的省略

在限制性定语从句中，关系代词作宾语时可省略：

  • The experience (that) my great-grandma cannot forget …（that 作 forget 的宾语，可省）
  • The doctor (whom) James used to work with …（whom 作 with 的宾语，可省）

不可省：作主语的关系代词（who / which / that），以及 whose。

五、介词 + 关系代词

  • 介词 + whom（指人）/ which（指物），不可用 that。
  • A doctor with whom James used to work died …（with whom，介词在前）
  • 也可拆为：A doctor (whom) James used to work with …（介词在后，whom 可省）

六、形式—意义—使用三步分析

以单元句 “Workers built shelters for survivors whose homes had been destroyed.” 为例：

  1. 形式：survivors（先行词，人）+ whose（关系词，表”幸存者的”）+ homes had been destroyed（从句）。
  2. 意义：whose 表示所属关系——“幸存者的家”。
  3. 使用：whose 在从句中作定语，修饰 homes，不可省略。

单元阅读语篇深度解读

语篇 The Night the Earth Didn’t Sleep 整体解读

维度解读
体裁新闻特写 / 记叙文（narrative / feature article），记录 1976 年唐山大地震。
主题语境人与自然——自然灾害（地震）及其应对、人与社会的互助重建。
主题思想自然灾害带来巨大破坏，但团结、坚持、智慧与希望能帮助人们重建家园。
作者态度先沉重、震撼（描述灾难），后充满希望与赞颂（描述重建）。
写作意图让读者了解地震的破坏力，感受人性光辉与民族精神。
语言风格文学性强，多用比喻、夸张、拟人，富有画面感与感染力。

文章结构（典型”灾难叙事”四段式）

段落内容关键词
Para 1震前征兆（反常现象）warning signs; strange things; wells; chickens; mice; bright lights
Para 2地震发生（巨大破坏）shake; deadly; crack; lay in ruins
Para 3震后惨状（满目疮痍）ruins; destroyed; bricks; in shock; hard to get
Para 4救援与重建（希望）army; dig out; shelters; revive; unify; wisdom

关键写作手法（本语篇是高考”文学性阅读”的范本）

  1. 拟人（personification）：
    • 标题 “The Night the Earth Didn’t Sleep”——把地球拟人化，暗示灾难之夜。
    • “Slowly, the city began to breathe again”——把城市拟人化，表复苏。
  2. 比喻（metaphor / simile）：
    • “Bricks covered the ground like red autumn leaves”——明喻，把碎砖比作落叶，凸显数量之多。
    • “Hard hills of rock became rivers of dirt”——暗喻，描绘地裂的可怕。
  3. 夸张（hyperbole）：
    • “It seemed as if the world were coming to an end!”——渲染灾难的恐怖。
  4. 对比（contrast）：
    • 震前的”反常平静”（asleep as usual）vs 震时的”毁灭”。
    • 灾难的”破坏”vs 重建的”希望”。
  5. 数据渲染：
    • 用具体数字（one million people; 400,000; 75 percent; 150 kilometres）增强真实感与冲击力。

核心阅读策略：Use Context to Understand New Words（根据上下文猜词）

本单元训练的阅读策略是通过上下文推断生词含义。例如：

  • “ruin”：从上下文”a large city lay in ruins / Nearly everything was destroyed”可推断 = 废墟、毁灭。
  • “trap”：从”dig out those who were trapped”可推断 = 困住。

逐句解读

选自 The Night the Earth Didn’t Sleep（唐山大地震）。每句给出：原句 / 翻译 / 语言点 / 难点提示。

第 1 段（震前征兆）

① Strange things were happening in the countryside of northeastern Hebei.

  • 翻译：河北省东北部的乡村正在发生一些奇怪的事情。
  • 语言点：
    • Strange things 奇怪的事情。
    • were happening 过去进行时，表当时正在发生。
  • 难点：用过去进行时营造”灾难前兆”的氛围。

② For several days, the water in the village wells rose and fell, rose and fell.

  • 翻译：连续好几天，村里井里的水位升了又降，升了又降。
  • 语言点：
    • For several days 连续几天。
    • rose and fell, rose and fell 重复手法，强调反常。
    • well n. 水井。
  • 难点：★ 重复（repetition）修辞，渲染紧张氛围。

③ There were deep cracks that appeared in the well walls.

  • 翻译：井壁上出现了深深的裂缝。
  • 语言点：
    • crack n. 裂缝。
    • that appeared in the well walls 定语从句，修饰 cracks。
  • 难点：that 引导限制性定语从句，作主语不可省。

④ At least one well had some smelly gas coming out of it.

  • 翻译：至少有一口井冒出有臭味的气体。
  • 语言点：
    • smelly gas 有臭味的气体（smelly = smell + y）。
    • have sth doing 使某物一直做（have + 宾语 + 宾补）。
  • 难点：★ have + 宾语 + 现在分词（表动作持续）。

⑤ Chickens and even pigs were too nervous to eat, and dogs refused to go inside buildings.

  • 翻译：鸡甚至猪都紧张得吃不下东西，狗也拒绝进屋。
  • 语言点：
    • too nervous to eat 太紧张而不能吃。
    • refuse to do 拒绝做。
  • 难点：★ too … to … 结构；动物反常是地震前兆。

⑥ Mice ran out of the fields looking for places to hide, and fish jumped out of the water.

  • 翻译：老鼠跑出田野寻找藏身之处，鱼跳出水面。
  • 语言点：
    • looking for places to hide 现在分词短语作伴随状语。
    • places to hide 不定式作定语。

⑦ At about 3:00 a.m., on 28 July 1976, bright lights were seen in the sky outside the city of Tangshan and loud noises were heard.

  • 翻译：1976 年 7 月 28 日凌晨大约三点，唐山市外的天空出现亮光，并传来巨响。
  • 语言点：
    • bright lights were seen … loud noises were heard 被动语态，强调现象本身。
  • 难点：被动语态突出客观描述。

⑧ But the city’s one million people were asleep as usual that night.

  • 翻译：但那天夜里，这座城市的一百万市民像往常一样在熟睡。
  • 语言点：
    • one million people 一百万人。
    • asleep as usual 像往常一样睡着。
  • 难点：★ 用”平静”反衬即将到来的灾难（contrast）。

第 2 段（地震发生）

⑨ At 3:42 a.m., everything began to shake.

  • 翻译：凌晨 3:42，一切开始摇晃。
  • 语言点：begin to do 开始做。

⑩ It seemed as if the world were coming to an end!

  • 翻译：仿佛世界末日就要来临！
  • 语言点：
    • It seemed as if 仿佛、似乎。
    • were coming to an end 用虚拟语气（were 而不是 was），表与事实相反的假设。
  • 难点：★ as if 引导虚拟语气；夸张手法。

⑪ Eleven kilometres directly below the city, one of the most deadly earthquakes of the 20th century had begun, a quake that even caused damage more than 150 kilometres away in Beijing.

  • 翻译：在城市正下方十一公里处，20 世纪最致命的地震之一开始了，这场地震甚至在 150 多公里外的北京造成了破坏。
  • 语言点：
    • one of the most deadly earthquakes 最致命的地震之一（最高级 + 复数名词）。
    • had begun 过去完成时（发生在 began to shake 之前）。
    • a quake that … 同位语 + 定语从句，修饰 earthquake。
  • 难点：★ 同位语 + 定语从句；过去完成时与一般过去时的配合。

⑫ Nearly one third of the whole nation felt it!

  • 翻译：全国近三分之一的人都感觉到了！
  • 语言点：
    • one third of ……的三分之一（分数表达：分子基/分母序，分子>1 分母加 s）。
    • the whole nation 全国。
  • 难点：★ 分数表达法；“分数 + of + 名词”作主语时，谓语与名词一致。

⑬ A huge crack, eight kilometres long and 30 metres wide, cut across houses, roads, and waterways.

  • 翻译：一条八公里长、三十米宽的巨大裂缝横穿了房屋、道路和水道。
  • 语言点：
    • eight kilometres long and 30 metres wide 形容词短语作 crack 的同位语（补充说明尺寸）。
    • cut across 横穿、切断。
  • 难点：★ 数词 + 度量单位 + 形容词（long / wide / high）的表达。

⑭ Hard hills of rock became rivers of dirt.

  • 翻译：坚硬的岩石山丘变成了泥土的河流。
  • 语言点：became (become 的过去式)；rivers of dirt 暗喻。
  • 难点：★ 暗喻（metaphor）修辞，凸显地裂的恐怖。

⑮ In less than one minute, a large city lay in ruins.

  • 翻译：不到一分钟，一座大城市就成了废墟。
  • 语言点：
    • In less than one minute 不到一分钟。
    • lay in ruins 成为废墟（lie 的过去式 lay）。
  • 难点：★ lie（lay/lain）躺/处于；ruins 用复数表”废墟”。

⑯ Two thirds of the people who lived there were dead or injured.

  • 翻译：那里三分之二的居民非死即伤。
  • 语言点：
    • Two thirds of ……的三分之二（分子 2 > 1，分母 third 加 s）。
    • who lived there 定语从句，修饰 people。
  • 难点：★ “分数 + of + 复数名词”作主语，谓语用复数（were）。

⑰ The number of people who were killed or badly injured in the quake was more than 400,000.

  • 翻译：在地震中遇难或受重伤的人数超过四十万。
  • 语言点：
    • The number of … was … ……的数目是（谓语用单数）。
    • who were killed or badly injured 定语从句，修饰 people。
  • 难点：★ The number of（单数谓语）vs A number of（复数谓语）。

第 3 段（震后惨状）

⑱ Everywhere survivors looked, there was nothing but ruins.

  • 翻译：幸存者放眼望去，到处只有废墟。
  • 语言点：
    • Everywhere survivors looked 让步状语从句（= No matter where …）。
    • nothing but 只、只不过（= only）。
  • 难点：★ Everywhere 作连词引导地点/让步状语从句。

⑲ Bricks covered the ground like red autumn leaves, but no wind could blow them away.

  • 翻译：砖块像红色的秋叶一样铺满地面，但没有风能把它们吹走。
  • 语言点：
    • like red autumn leaves 明喻（simile）。
    • blow away 吹走。
  • 难点：★ 明喻修辞——把碎砖比作落叶，凸显数量之多、灾难之重。

⑳ Most bridges had fallen or were not safe to cross.

  • 翻译：大多数桥梁已经坍塌，或者已经不安全、无法通行。
  • 语言点：
    • had fallen 过去完成时（坍塌发生在描述之时以前）。
    • safe to cross 安全到可以通过（不定式作状语）。

㉑ The railway tracks were now useless pieces of metal.

  • 翻译：铁轨现在成了无用的金属。
  • 语言点：
    • useless adj. 无用的（use + less）。
    • pieces of metal 金属块。
  • 难点：暗喻——铁轨扭曲成废铁。

㉒ People were in shock — and then, later that afternoon, another big quake shook Tangshan again.

  • 翻译：人们惊魂未定——然后，那天下午晚些时候，又一次大地震震撼了唐山。
  • 语言点：
    • in shock 震惊地、惊魂未定。
    • shook (shake 的过去式) 震撼、震动。
  • 难点：破折号表转折，“another big quake”雪上加霜。

㉓ Water, food, and electricity were hard to get.

  • 翻译：水、食物和电都很难获得。
  • 语言点：
    • be hard to get 难以获得（= be difficult to get）。
    • 主语是事物时，用主动表被动。

第 4 段（救援与重建）

㉔ But hope was not lost.

  • 翻译：但希望并没有破灭。
  • 语言点：hope was not lost 被动语态，承上启下的转折句。

㉕ Soon after the quakes, the army sent 150,000 soldiers to Tangshan to dig out those who were trapped and to bury the dead.

  • 翻译：地震发生后不久，军队派遣十五万名士兵到唐山，挖出被困者并埋葬死者。
  • 语言点：
    • Soon after the quakes 地震后不久。
    • send sb to sp to do 派某人到某地做。
    • to dig out … and to bury … 两个不定式表目的。
    • those who were trapped 定语从句，修饰 those。
    • the dead 死者（the + 形容词表一类人）。
  • 难点：★ the + 形容词表一类人（the dead / the injured / the rich）。

㉖ Workers built shelters for survivors whose homes had been destroyed.

  • 翻译：工人们为家园被毁的幸存者搭建了避难所。
  • 语言点：
    • build shelters for 为……搭建避难所。
    • whose homes had been destroyed 定语从句，whose 表”幸存者的”。
    • had been destroyed 过去完成时被动。
  • 难点：★ whose 引导定语从句表所属关系。

㉗ Slowly, the city began to breathe again.

  • 翻译：慢慢地，这座城市又开始呼吸了。
  • 语言点：breathe v. 呼吸。
  • 难点：★ 拟人（personification）——把城市拟人化，表复苏。

㉘ Tangshan started to revive itself and get back up on its feet.

  • 翻译：唐山开始自我复苏，重新站了起来。
  • 语言点：
    • revive v. 复苏、复兴。
    • get back up on its feet 重新站起来（= recover）。
  • 难点：拟人 + 习语。

㉙ With strong support from the government and the tireless efforts of the city’s people, a new Tangshan was built upon the earthquake ruins.

  • 翻译：在政府的大力支持和市民的不懈努力下，一个新唐山在地震废墟上建立起来。
  • 语言点：
    • With strong support … with 复合结构，作原因/条件状语。
    • tireless efforts 不懈的努力。
    • upon the earthquake ruins 在废墟之上。
  • 难点：★ with 复合结构作状语。

㉚ Tangshan city has proved to China and the rest of the world that in times of disaster, people must unify and show the wisdom to stay positive and rebuild for a brighter future.

  • 翻译：唐山向中国和世界其他地方证明，在灾难时刻，人们必须团结起来，展现保持积极、为更美好的未来而重建的智慧。
  • 语言点：
    • has proved … that … 现在完成时 + 宾语从句。
    • in times of disaster 在灾难时刻。
    • unify v. 团结、统一。
    • show the wisdom to do 展现做……的智慧。
    • stay positive 保持积极。
  • 难点：★ 长句：宾语从句 + 不定式作定语 + 并列动词。

易错点整理

#错误形式正确形式错因防错提醒
1This is the most beautiful city which I have ever seen.This is the most beautiful city that I have ever seen.最高级修饰先行词应用 that。先行词被最高级/序数词/the only 修饰时用 that。
2All what I want is peace.All that I want is peace.all 后误用 what。先行词是不定代词时用 that，不用 which/what。
3The number of students are 50.The number of students is 50.主谓一致错。The number of + 复数名词，谓语用单数。
4A number of students is playing.A number of students are playing.主谓一致错。A number of + 复数名词，谓语用复数。
5Two thirds of the city were destroyed.Two thirds of the city was destroyed.分数主谓一致错。分数 + of + 单数名词，谓语用单数；+ 复数名词用复数。
6The boy who I work with him is kind.The boy (whom) I work with is kind.关系代词与宾语重复。关系代词作宾语时不能再用代词。
7The doctor with who James worked died.The doctor with whom James worked died.介词后误用 who。介词 + whom（人）/ which（物），不用 who/that。
8It seemed as if the world was coming to an end.（语境：与事实相反）It seemed as if the world were coming to an end.as if 后虚拟语气 be 动词误用 was。正式/文学体中 be 动词用 were。
9Chickens were too nervous to eating.Chickens were too nervous to eat.too … to 后误用 doing。too … to + 动词原形。
10The city lied in ruins.The city lay in ruins.lie（躺）过去式误用。lie（躺/位于）lay/lain；lie（说谎）lied/lied；lay（放置）laid/laid。
11The earthquake effected the city.The earthquake affected the city.affect / effect 词性混淆。affect（v. 影响）；effect（n. 影响）。
12He was trapped in the room 3 days.（漏介词）He was trapped in the room for 3 days.漏时间段介词。表段时间用 for。
13The deads were buried.The dead were buried.the + 形容词误加 s。the + 形容词表一类人，谓语复数，但形容词不加 s。
14It is hard to get it.（主语为事物时）Water is hard to get.主语是事物时多用主动表被动。be hard/difficult to do，不用被动。
15Comparing with Beijing, Tangshan is smaller.Compared with Beijing, Tangshan is smaller.compare 误用现在分词。作状语用过去分词 compared with / to。

写作素材与表达积累

本单元写作任务是 summary writing（摘要写作）。摘要要求用约 原文三分之一 的篇幅，概括文章的主要观点和最重要信息，不展开细节和例子。

摘要写作五要素（与单元 Reading for Writing 一致）

要素说明示例（以 The Night the Earth Didn’t Sleep 为例）
date（日期）事件发生的时间On 28 July 1976
time（时刻）具体时间at 3:42 a.m.
place（地点）事件发生的地点Tangshan, China
event（事件）发生了什么a deadly earthquake struck
cause / effect（原因/结果）起因与影响killing over 400,000 people; the city lay in ruins
following events（后续）后续发展the army rescued survivors; the city was rebuilt

摘要写作步骤

  1. Read 通读全文，列出主要细节（main details）。
  2. Summarise 写出每段的主旨（main idea）。
  3. Organise 组织要点，草拟摘要——
    • 篇幅约为原文的 1/3；
    • 只写关键支撑点，不写细节和例子；
    • 用自己的话改写，不照抄原句；
    • 时态通常与原文一致（叙事用过去时）。
  4. Check 对照检查表（main points / length / tense / spelling）。

摘要写作常用句型

  • On … (date), … happened in … (place).
  • The disaster killed / injured / affected … (number) people.
  • … caused great damage to …
  • Thanks to …, … was rebuilt / recovered.
  • The event shows that …

描述自然灾害的话题词汇

  • 灾害类型：earthquake, flood, drought, tornado, tsunami, wildfire, volcanic eruption, landslide
  • 灾害动词：strike, hit, crash into, sweep away, destroy, damage, ruin
  • 灾害影响：kill, injure, trap, affect, leave … in ruins, cause damage
  • 救援：rescue, dig out, provide medical care, build shelters, send soldiers
  • 重建：revive, get back on one’s feet, rebuild, unify, stay positive

给安全指引的功能句（Listening and Talking）

  • First / First of all, you should …
  • Stay calm. / Stay indoors. / Stay away from …
  • Cover your … / Move to a safe place.
  • Don’t drive or walk outside.
  • Make sure … / Call an emergency number.
  • Collect water and food if you can. Finally, …

连接词与过渡

  • 表顺序：First, … Then, … Next, … Finally, …
  • 表因果：because, so, therefore, as a result, due to
  • 表对比：but, however, while, whereas
  • 表总结：in short, in a word, to sum up

专题练习

一、词汇与短语（基础）

  1. 用所给词的正确形式填空（destroy / injure / survive / trap / affect / rescue / revive / unify）。

    (1) Nearly everything in the city was ________.
    (2) Two thirds of the people were dead or ________.
    (3) The ________ looked everywhere, but there was nothing but ruins.
    (4) Soldiers came to dig out those who were ________.
    (5) The earthquake ________ an area of several hundred square kilometres.
    (6) The team ________ a boy from the fallen building.
    (7) Tangshan started to ________ itself.
    (8) In times of disaster, people must ________.

  2. 选用方框中的短语填空（每个限用一次）。

    lie in ruins　too ... to ...　as if　nothing but　dig out　in shock　the number of　stay calm

    (1) After the earthquake, the whole city ________.
    (2) He was ________ tired ________ walk.
    (3) It seemed ________ the world were coming to an end.
    (4) Everywhere I looked, there was ________ ruins.
    (5) Soldiers worked hard to ________ those who were trapped.
    (6) People were ________ after the disaster.
    (7) ________ people killed was more than 400,000.
    (8) The most important thing is to ________ in an emergency.

二、语法（巩固）

  1. 用合适的关系词填空（that / which / who / whom / whose，可省略处用 ”/”）。

    (1) The Tangshan earthquake was a terrible experience ________ my great-grandma cannot forget.
    (2) The couple ________ live next to us volunteered to help.
    (3) Workers built shelters for survivors ________ homes had been destroyed.
    (4) A doctor with ________ James used to work died in the earthquake.
    (5) This is the best film ________ I have ever seen.
    (6) All ________ I want is peace.
    (7) The supplies ________ were provided to the disaster area came from all over the country.

  2. 判断正误并改正。

    (1) This is the most beautiful city which I have ever visited.
    (2) The number of students are 50.
    (3) Two thirds of the city were destroyed.

三、句型与写作（提升）

  1. 用 too … to … 改写：The box is very heavy. I can’t carry it.（合并为一句）

  2. 用定语从句合并：The man is my uncle. He lives next door.（合并为一句）

  3. 为 The Night the Earth Didn’t Sleep 写一段约 60 词的摘要（summary）。要求：

    • 包含摘要五要素（date / time / place / event / effect 或后续）；
    • 篇幅约为原文 1/3 的精简版（此处缩至 60 词左右）；
    • 用过去时；
    • 至少使用 5 个本单元词汇或短语。

练习答案与解析

一、词汇与短语

  1. (1) destroyed（be destroyed 被摧毁）。
    (2) injured（dead or injured 非死即伤）。
    (3) survivors（幸存者，复数）。
    (4) trapped（be trapped 被困）。
    (5) affected（affect 影响/袭击）。
    (6) rescued（rescue 营救）。
    (7) revive（revive 复苏）。
    (8) unify（unify 团结）。

  2. (1) lay in ruins（成为废墟，lie 的过去式 lay）。
    (2) too … to（太……而不能）。
    (3) as if（仿佛，引导方式状语从句）。
    (4) nothing but（只、只不过）。
    (5) dig out（挖出）。
    (6) in shock（震惊地）。
    (7) The number of（……的数目，谓语单数）。
    (8) stay calm（保持冷静）。

二、语法

  1. (1) that / /（先行词 experience 是物，关系代词作 forget 的宾语，可省）。
    (2) who（先行词 couple 是人，作从句主语，不可省）。
    (3) whose（先行词 survivors，whose 表”幸存者的”，作定语）。
    (4) whom（先行词 doctor 是人，作 with 的宾语；介词后用 whom）。
    (5) that（先行词 film 被最高级 the best 修饰，只能用 that）。
    (6) that（先行词 All 是不定代词，只能用 that）。
    (7) which / that（先行词 supplies 是物，作主语）。

  2. (1) 错。改正：This is the most beautiful city that I have ever visited.（解析：先行词被最高级修饰，只能用 that。）
    (2) 错。改正：The number of students is 50.（解析：The number of + 复数名词，谓语用单数。）
    (3) 错。改正：Two thirds of the city was destroyed.（解析：分数 + of + 单数名词 city，谓语用单数。）

三、句型与写作

  1. The box is too heavy for me to carry.
    （解析：too + 形容词 + (for sb) + to do，表”太……而不能”。）

  2. The man who lives next door is my uncle.
    （解析：用 who 引导限制性定语从句，who 作从句主语，不可省。）

  3. 参考摘要：

Summary

On 28 July 1976, at 3:42 a.m., a deadly earthquake struck Tangshan, China. Strange things had happened before the quake, but no one was prepared. In less than one minute, the whole city lay in ruins, and more than 400,000 people were killed or injured. Soon after, the army sent soldiers to dig out those who were trapped, and workers built shelters for survivors. With strong support, Tangshan revived and a new city was rebuilt, proving that in times of disaster, people must unify and stay positive.

（点评：包含摘要五要素（date / time / place / event / effect + 后续）；用过去时；使用 lay in ruins / injured / dig out / trapped / shelters / revived / unify / stay positive 等单元词汇；篇幅精简。）

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