Unit 4 Natural Disasters - 单元知识专题

知识关系导航

本文件整合 Unit 4 的阅读语篇、单词短语、重点句子、语法讲解和作文表达，是本单元唯一保留的学习入口。学习时按“阅读理解 → 单词与句子 → 语法归纳 → 写作迁移”的顺序使用。

专题定位

本专题围绕人教版高中英语必修第一册 Unit 4 Natural Disasters（自然灾害）整理。解决的核心问题是：把单元里散落在听力、阅读、语法、写作各栏目的语言点串成一张可复习、可迁移的知识网，帮助你系统回顾自然灾害话题下的词汇、限制性定语从句（restrictive relative clauses） 这一高中最重要的语法之一、记叙性新闻特写（The Night the Earth Didn’t Sleep）的解读方法，以及”摘要写作”（summary writing）的规范套路。

适用阶段：

• 刚学完 Unit 4，需要梳理巩固；
• 月考 / 期末复习，需要快速回顾本单元词汇、语法和阅读重点；
• 写作训练，需要掌握”摘要写作”的五要素与缩写技巧。

涉及教材与栏目

教材	单元	涉及栏目	本专题对应内容
必修第一册	Unit 4 Natural Disasters	Reading and Thinking	主阅读 The Night the Earth Didn’t Sleep（唐山大地震）深度解读 + 逐句解读
必修第一册	Unit 4 Natural Disasters	Discovering Useful Structures	限制性定语从句（that / which / who / whom / whose）
必修第一册	Unit 4 Natural Disasters	Reading for Writing	摘要写作（summary）的五要素与写作步骤
必修第一册	Unit 4 Natural Disasters	Listening and Speaking / Talking	灾害报道、安全指引等话题词汇与功能句

核心词汇

释义以教材与本单元语境为准；标 ★ 的为本单元语境重点词。

单词	词性	英文释义	中文释义	单元例句	常见搭配
★ disaster	n.	a sudden event causing great damage	灾难；灾祸	Natural disasters …	a natural disaster / suffer a disaster
★ earthquake	n.	a sudden shaking of the ground	地震	A huge earthquake hit Wenchuan …	a magnitude 7.8 earthquake
★ magnitude	n.	the size of an earthquake	震级；规模	What was the magnitude of the earthquake?	reach a magnitude of …
★ strike / struck / struck	v.	to hit; to happen suddenly	袭击；侵袭	The undersea quake struck around 7:00 a.m.	strike sb / be struck by
★ ruin	n. / v.	destruction; a destroyed building; to destroy	毁灭；废墟；毁坏	a large city lay in ruins.	lie in ruins / ruin one’s hope
★ destroy	vt.	to damage completely	摧毁；破坏	Nearly everything in the city was destroyed.	destroy sth / be destroyed by
★ damage	n. / vt.	harm; to harm	损失；损害	… even caused damage more than 150 kilometres away.	cause damage / do damage to
★ injure / injury	v./n.	to hurt; a wound	使受伤；伤	… were dead or injured.	be injured / suffer injuries
★ wound	n. / vt.	an injury; to hurt	伤口；伤	(相关) … terrible injuries …	a deep wound / be wounded
★ trap / trapped	v./adj.	to catch; caught	使困住；被困的	… dig out those who were trapped …	be trapped in / under
★ bury	vt.	to put a dead body in the ground; to hide	埋葬；掩埋	… to bury the dead.	bury sb / be buried in (doing) sth
★ shelter	n. / v.	a place protecting from danger; to protect	避难所；庇护	Workers built shelters for survivors …	a bomb shelter / shelter from
★ survivor / survive	n./v.	a person who survives; to live through	幸存者；幸存	Everywhere survivors looked …	survive sth / a survivor of
★ rescue	n. / vt.	saving from danger; to save	营救；救援	The rescue work …	rescue sb from / a rescue team
★ revive	v.	to come or bring back to life	复苏；恢复	Tangshan started to revive itself …	revive the economy / revive sb
★ unify	v.	to join into one	统一；团结	… people must unify …	unify the country / be unified
★ wisdom	n.	knowledge and good judgement	智慧	… show the wisdom to stay positive …	the wisdom of (doing) / wise (adj.)
★ effort	n.	hard work; an attempt	努力	… the tireless efforts of the city’s people …	make an effort to / efforts to do
★ affect	vt.	to influence; to cause harm to	影响；（灾害）袭击	The earthquake affected an area of …	affect sb / be affected by
★ effect	n.	a result	结果；影响	What are the possible effects of the disaster?	have an effect on / side effects
★ crash	v. / n.	to hit violently; a violent hit	碰撞；坠毁	… a tsunami that crashed into coastlines …	crash into / a car crash
★ sweep / swept / swept	v.	to push along; to clean with a brush	席卷；扫	… cars were swept away by huge waves …	sweep away / sweep the floor
★ shock	n. / vt.	a sudden surprise; to upset	震惊；电击	People were in shock …	in shock / be shocked at / by
★ crack	n. / v.	a line of damage; to break	裂缝；开裂	There were deep cracks …	a crack in / crack open
★ slide / slid / slid	v./n.	to move smoothly; a smooth movement	滑动；滑落	(相关) landslide 山体滑坡	slide into / a landslide
★ volcanic eruption	n.	an outbreak of lava and gas from a volcano	火山喷发	… a volcanic eruption …	a volcano erupts
★ drought	n.	a long period with no rain	干旱	… drought …	suffer (from) a drought
★ flood	n. / v.	an overflow of water; to cover with water	洪水；淹没	Where are the floods?	a flood of / flood the area
★ tornado	n.	a violent wind twisting in a circle	龙卷风	… a tornado in Memphis …	a tornado hits / strikes
★ tsunami	n.	a huge sea wave caused by an earthquake	海啸	… a tsunami that crashed into coastlines …	a tsunami warning
★ wildfire	n.	a fire spreading quickly in the wild	野火；山火	… a wildfire …	fight a wildfire
★ electricity	n.	power carried by wires	电；电学	Water, food, and electricity were hard to get.	cut off electricity / electricity supply
★ percent	n.	one part in a hundred	百分之……	About 75 percent of the city’s factories …	75 percent (of …) / 75%
★ emergency	n.	a sudden dangerous event	突发事件；紧急情况	Call an emergency number.	an emergency kit / in an emergency

派生词补充：destroy → destruction → destructive；injure → injury → injured；survive → survivor → survival；affect → effect → effective；revive → revival；unify → unity → united；wise → wisdom；erupt → eruption。

教材词汇补充：灾害类型、安全与报道

词汇	语境义与搭配
tornado / drought / landslide	n. 龙卷风；旱灾；滑坡；natural disasters
slide / flood	v. 滑动；n./v. 洪水、淹没；slide down / a serious flood
volcanic eruption / volcano / erupt	火山喷发；火山；爆发；a volcanic eruption / a volcano erupts
evacuate / helicopter	v. 疏散；n. 直升机；evacuate residents / arrive by helicopter
death / gas / metal	n. 死亡；n. 气体；n. 金属；the number of deaths / smelly gas / pieces of metal
context / suffer	n. 语境；v. 遭受、受苦；guess meaning from context / suffer damage
supply / aid	n. 补给品；n. 援助；food supplies / foreign aid
typhoon / hurricane	n. 台风；n. 飓风；a typhoon warning / a powerful hurricane
power / tap / pipe / whistle	n. 电力；v./n. 轻敲；n. 管道；v./n. 吹口哨；power lines / tap on a pipe / whistle for help
calm / kit	adj./v. 镇静；n. 成套设备；stay calm / an emergency kit
wave / strike / deliver	n. 海浪；v. 袭击；v. 递送；huge waves / the quake struck / deliver supplies
summary / effect / length	n. 摘要；n. 影响；n. 长度；write a summary / the effects of a disaster / the proper length

核心短语与固定搭配

短语	释义	例句（优先取自单元原文）	用法提示
★ lie in ruins	成为废墟	a large city lay in ruins.	lie（lay/lain）躺/处于；ruins 用复数。
★ too … to …	太……而不能	Chickens and even pigs were too nervous to eat.	表否定结果；可与 so … that … 转换。
★ as if / as though	仿佛；好像	It seemed as if the world were coming to an end!	引导方式状语从句，常配虚拟语气。
★ come to an end	结束	… the world were coming to an end!	= end / draw to a close。
★ cut across	横穿；切断	A huge crack … cut across houses, roads, and waterways.	= go across。
★ in less than	不到……	In less than one minute, a large city lay in ruins.	后接时间段。
★ nothing but	只；只不过	… there was nothing but ruins.	= only。
★ tens / hundreds / thousands of	数以……计的	Tens of thousands of cows …	数词复数 + of + 名词复数。
★ blow away	吹走	… no wind could blow them away.	blow (blew/blown)。
★ fall down	倒塌	Even more buildings fell down.	= collapse。
★ be hard to get	难以获得	Water, food, and electricity were hard to get.	= difficult to get。
★ in shock	震惊地	People were in shock …	= shocked。
★ dig out	挖出；掘出	… dig out those who were trapped …	dig (dug/dug)。
★ provide medical care	提供医疗	… came to provide medical care.	provide sth for sb / provide sb with sth。
★ get back up on one’s feet	重新站起来；恢复	Tangshan … get back up on its feet.	= recover / stand on one’s own feet。
★ in times of	在……的时候	… in times of disaster …	区别 at the time of。
★ stay positive	保持积极	… show the wisdom to stay positive …	stay + 形容词。
★ sweep away	席卷；冲走	… cars were swept away by huge waves …	= wash away。
★ be expected to	预计会	… the number of deaths is expected to grow …	后接动词原形。
★ stay away from	远离；避开	Stay away from …	= keep away from。
★ stay calm	保持冷静	The most important thing is to keep calm / stay calm.	stay + 形容词。
★ first of all	首先	First of all, you should …	= firstly。
★ make sure	确保	Make sure …	后接 of sth / that 从句。
★ on hand	在手边；现有	… having on hand enough water and food …	= available。
★ be known as	作为……而闻名	(复现)	区别 be known for。

听说与写作中的补充搭配

• in the open air 在户外；put up shelters in the open air
• provide first aid 提供急救；a first aid kit 急救箱
• call an emergency number 拨打紧急电话；listen to the news
• collect water and food 收集水和食物；keep supplies on hand
• be affected by 受到……影响；be damaged by 被……损坏
• be swept away 被冲走；crash into 撞上

重点句型

句型 1：限制性定语从句（Restrictive Relative Clause）——本单元核心语法

• 结构：先行词 + 关系词（that / which / who / whom / whose）+ 从句。
• 例句（单元原文）：
  • The Tangshan earthquake was a terrible experience that my great-grandma cannot forget.（that 作宾语）
  • The couple who live next to us volunteered …（who 作主语）
  • Workers built shelters for survivors whose homes had been destroyed.（whose 作定语）
  • A doctor with whom James used to work died …（whom 作介词宾语）
• 仿写：The man who lives next door is a doctor.

句型 2：too … to … 太……而不能

• 例句（单元原文）：Chickens and even pigs were too nervous to eat.
• 结构：too + 形容词/副词 + (for sb) + to do。
• 转换：可与 so … that … (can’t / couldn’t) 互换：pigs were so nervous that they couldn’t eat.
• 仿写：The box is too heavy for me to carry.

句型 3：as if / as though 仿佛（常配虚拟语气）

• 例句（单元原文）：It seemed as if the world were coming to an end!
• 结构：主句 + as if + 从句（从句用过去式表虚拟，be 动词多用 were）。
• 仿写：He talks as if he knew everything.
• 难点：表与现在事实相反用过去式（were）；表与过去事实相反用过去完成时（had done）。

句型 4：It seemed as if … 似乎……

• 例句（单元原文）：It seemed as if the world were coming to an end!
• 结构：It seems / seemed + as if + 从句。
• 仿写：It seemed as if nothing had happened.

句型 5：The number of … is / was … ……的数目是

• 例句（单元原文）：The number of people who were killed or badly injured in the quake was more than 400,000.
• 辨析：The number of + 复数名词（……的数目，谓语用单数）vs A number of + 复数名词（许多，谓语用复数）。
• 仿写：The number of students is increasing. / A number of students are playing outside.

句型 6：with 复合结构（with + 宾语 + 宾补）

• 例句（单元原文）：With strong support from the government and the tireless efforts of the city’s people, a new Tangshan was built …（with + 名词短语，作伴随状语）
• 拓展：with + 宾语 + 形容词/副词/介词短语/分词/不定式。
• 仿写：He slept with the window open.

核心语法

本单元语法焦点：限制性定语从句（Restrictive Relative Clauses）

定语从句是高中英语最重要、最常考的语法项目。本单元聚焦限制性定语从句——对先行词起限定、识别作用，不可缺少，否则句意不完整。

一、基本结构

先行词（名词/代词）  +  关系词  +  定语从句
The man              who      lives next door is a doctor.

二、关系词的选择

关系词	先行词	在从句中充当	例句
who	人	主语	The couple who live next to us …
whom	人	宾语（口语可省）	A doctor (whom) James used to work with …
whose	人/物	定语（表”……的”）	survivors whose homes had been destroyed
which	物	主语/宾语	The supplies which were provided …
that	人/物	主语/宾语	a terrible experience that my great-grandma cannot forget

三、只能用 that 的情况

情况	例句
先行词是 all, everything, anything, nothing, much, little 等	All that I want is peace.
先行词被序数词或最高级修饰	This is the best film that I have ever seen.
先行词被 the only, the very, the same 等修饰	This is the only book that I have.
先行词既包括人也包括物	The man and his dog that …
主句是以 who / which 开头的特殊疑问句	Who is the man that is standing there?

四、关系代词的省略

在限制性定语从句中，关系代词作宾语时可省略：

• The experience (that) my great-grandma cannot forget …（that 作 forget 的宾语，可省）
• The doctor (whom) James used to work with …（whom 作 with 的宾语，可省）

不可省：作主语的关系代词（who / which / that），以及 whose。

五、介词 + 关系代词

• 介词 + whom（指人）/ which（指物），不可用 that。
• A doctor with whom James used to work died …（with whom，介词在前）
• 也可拆为：A doctor (whom) James used to work with …（介词在后，whom 可省）

六、形式—意义—使用三步分析

以单元句 “Workers built shelters for survivors whose homes had been destroyed.” 为例：

1. 形式：survivors（先行词，人）+ whose（关系词，表”幸存者的”）+ homes had been destroyed（从句）。
2. 意义：whose 表示所属关系——“幸存者的家”。
3. 使用：whose 在从句中作定语，修饰 homes，不可省略。

课文原文阅读

以下保留教材 Reading and Thinking 的主阅读语篇。建议先按“震前征兆—地震发生—灾后惨状—救援重建”四个阶段通读，再进入逐句分析。

The Night the Earth Didn’t Sleep

Strange things were happening in the countryside of northeastern Hebei. For several days, the water in the village wells rose and fell, rose and fell. There were deep cracks that appeared in the well walls. At least one well had some smelly gas coming out of it. Chickens and even pigs were too nervous to eat, and dogs refused to go inside buildings. Mice ran out of the fields looking for places to hide, and fish jumped out of the water. At about 3:00 a.m., on 28 July 1976, bright lights were seen in the sky outside the city of Tangshan and loud noises were heard. But the city’s one million people were asleep as usual that night.

At 3:42 a.m., everything began to shake. It seemed as if the world were coming to an end! Eleven kilometres directly below the city, one of the most deadly earthquakes of the 20th century had begun, a quake that even caused damage more than 150 kilometres away in Beijing. Nearly one third of the whole nation felt it! A huge crack, eight kilometres long and 30 metres wide, cut across houses, roads, and waterways. Hard hills of rock became rivers of dirt. In less than one minute, a large city lay in ruins. Two thirds of the people who lived there were dead or injured. Thousands of children were left without parents. The number of people who were killed or badly injured in the quake was more than 400,000.

Everywhere survivors looked, there was nothing but ruins. Nearly everything in the city was destroyed. About 75 percent of the city’s factories and buildings, 90 percent of its homes, and all of its hospitals were gone. Bricks covered the ground like red autumn leaves, but no wind could blow them away. Most bridges had fallen or were not safe to cross. The railway tracks were now useless pieces of metal. Tens of thousands of cows, hundreds of thousands of pigs, and millions of chickens were dead. Sand now filled the wells instead of water. People were in shock—and then, later that afternoon, another big quake shook Tangshan again. Even more buildings fell down. Water, food, and electricity were hard to get. People began to wonder how long the disaster would last.

But hope was not lost. Soon after the quakes, the army sent 150,000 soldiers to Tangshan to dig out those who were trapped and to bury the dead. More than 10,000 doctors and nurses came to provide medical care. Workers built shelters for survivors whose homes had been destroyed. Hundreds of thousands of people were helped. Water and food were brought into the city by train, truck, and plane. Slowly, the city began to breathe again. Tangshan started to revive itself and get back up on its feet. With strong support from the government and the tireless efforts of the city’s people, a new Tangshan was built upon the earthquake ruins. The new city has become a home to more than seven million people, with great improvements in transportation, industry, and environment. Tangshan city has proved to China and the rest of the world that in times of disaster, people must unify and show the wisdom to stay positive and rebuild for a brighter future.

单元阅读语篇深度解读

语篇 The Night the Earth Didn’t Sleep 整体解读

维度	解读
体裁	新闻特写 / 记叙文（narrative / feature article），记录 1976 年唐山大地震。
主题语境	人与自然——自然灾害（地震）及其应对、人与社会的互助重建。
主题思想	自然灾害带来巨大破坏，但团结、坚持、智慧与希望能帮助人们重建家园。
作者态度	先沉重、震撼（描述灾难），后充满希望与赞颂（描述重建）。
写作意图	让读者了解地震的破坏力，感受人性光辉与民族精神。
语言风格	文学性强，多用比喻、夸张、拟人，富有画面感与感染力。

文章结构（典型”灾难叙事”四段式）

段落	内容	关键词
Para 1	震前征兆（反常现象）	warning signs; strange things; wells; chickens; mice; bright lights
Para 2	地震发生（巨大破坏）	shake; deadly; crack; lay in ruins
Para 3	震后惨状（满目疮痍）	ruins; destroyed; bricks; in shock; hard to get
Para 4	救援与重建（希望）	army; dig out; shelters; revive; unify; wisdom

关键写作手法（本语篇的表达特点）

1. 拟人（personification）：
   • 标题 “The Night the Earth Didn’t Sleep”——把地球拟人化，暗示灾难之夜。
   • “Slowly, the city began to breathe again”——把城市拟人化，表复苏。
2. 比喻（metaphor / simile）：
   • “Bricks covered the ground like red autumn leaves”——明喻，把碎砖比作落叶，凸显数量之多。
   • “Hard hills of rock became rivers of dirt”——暗喻，描绘地裂的可怕。
3. 夸张（hyperbole）：
   • “It seemed as if the world were coming to an end!”——渲染灾难的恐怖。
4. 对比（contrast）：
   • 震前的”反常平静”（asleep as usual）vs 震时的”毁灭”。
   • 灾难的”破坏”vs 重建的”希望”。
5. 数据渲染：
   • 用具体数字（one million people; 400,000; 75 percent; 150 kilometres）增强真实感与冲击力。

核心阅读策略：Use Context to Understand New Words（根据上下文猜词）

本单元训练的阅读策略是通过上下文推断生词含义。例如：

• “ruin”：从上下文”a large city lay in ruins / Nearly everything was destroyed”可推断 = 废墟、毁灭。
• “trap”：从”dig out those who were trapped”可推断 = 困住。

逐句分析与解读

选自 The Night the Earth Didn’t Sleep（唐山大地震）。每句给出：原句 / 翻译 / 语言点 / 难点提示。

第 1 段（震前征兆）

① Strange things were happening in the countryside of northeastern Hebei.

• 翻译：河北省东北部的乡村正在发生一些奇怪的事情。
• 语言点：
  • Strange things 奇怪的事情。
  • were happening 过去进行时，表当时正在发生。
• 难点：用过去进行时营造”灾难前兆”的氛围。

② For several days, the water in the village wells rose and fell, rose and fell.

• 翻译：连续好几天，村里井里的水位升了又降，升了又降。
• 语言点：
  • For several days 连续几天。
  • rose and fell, rose and fell 重复手法，强调反常。
  • well n. 水井。
• 难点：★ 重复（repetition）修辞，渲染紧张氛围。

③ There were deep cracks that appeared in the well walls.

• 翻译：井壁上出现了深深的裂缝。
• 语言点：
  • crack n. 裂缝。
  • that appeared in the well walls 定语从句，修饰 cracks。
• 难点：that 引导限制性定语从句，作主语不可省。

④ At least one well had some smelly gas coming out of it.

• 翻译：至少有一口井冒出有臭味的气体。
• 语言点：
  • smelly gas 有臭味的气体（smelly = smell + y）。
  • have sth doing 使某物一直做（have + 宾语 + 宾补）。
• 难点：★ have + 宾语 + 现在分词（表动作持续）。

⑤ Chickens and even pigs were too nervous to eat, and dogs refused to go inside buildings.

• 翻译：鸡甚至猪都紧张得吃不下东西，狗也拒绝进屋。
• 语言点：
  • too nervous to eat 太紧张而不能吃。
  • refuse to do 拒绝做。
• 难点：★ too … to … 结构；动物反常是地震前兆。

⑥ Mice ran out of the fields looking for places to hide, and fish jumped out of the water.

• 翻译：老鼠跑出田野寻找藏身之处，鱼跳出水面。
• 语言点：
  • looking for places to hide 现在分词短语作伴随状语。
  • places to hide 不定式作定语。

⑦ At about 3:00 a.m., on 28 July 1976, bright lights were seen in the sky outside the city of Tangshan and loud noises were heard.

• 翻译：1976 年 7 月 28 日凌晨大约三点，唐山市外的天空出现亮光，并传来巨响。
• 语言点：
  • bright lights were seen … loud noises were heard 被动语态，强调现象本身。
• 难点：被动语态突出客观描述。

⑧ But the city’s one million people were asleep as usual that night.

• 翻译：但那天夜里，这座城市的一百万市民像往常一样在熟睡。
• 语言点：
  • one million people 一百万人。
  • asleep as usual 像往常一样睡着。
• 难点：★ 用”平静”反衬即将到来的灾难（contrast）。

第 2 段（地震发生）

⑨ At 3:42 a.m., everything began to shake.

• 翻译：凌晨 3:42，一切开始摇晃。
• 语言点：begin to do 开始做。

⑩ It seemed as if the world were coming to an end!

• 翻译：仿佛世界末日就要来临！
• 语言点：
  • It seemed as if 仿佛、似乎。
  • were coming to an end 用虚拟语气（were 而不是 was），表与事实相反的假设。
• 难点：★ as if 引导虚拟语气；夸张手法。

⑪ Eleven kilometres directly below the city, one of the most deadly earthquakes of the 20th century had begun, a quake that even caused damage more than 150 kilometres away in Beijing.

• 翻译：在城市正下方十一公里处，20 世纪最致命的地震之一开始了，这场地震甚至在 150 多公里外的北京造成了破坏。
• 语言点：
  • one of the most deadly earthquakes 最致命的地震之一（最高级 + 复数名词）。
  • had begun 过去完成时（发生在 began to shake 之前）。
  • a quake that … 同位语 + 定语从句，修饰 earthquake。
• 难点：★ 同位语 + 定语从句；过去完成时与一般过去时的配合。

⑫ Nearly one third of the whole nation felt it!

• 翻译：全国近三分之一的人都感觉到了！
• 语言点：
  • one third of ……的三分之一（分数表达：分子基/分母序，分子>1 分母加 s）。
  • the whole nation 全国。
• 难点：★ 分数表达法；“分数 + of + 名词”作主语时，谓语与名词一致。

⑬ A huge crack, eight kilometres long and 30 metres wide, cut across houses, roads, and waterways.

• 翻译：一条八公里长、三十米宽的巨大裂缝横穿了房屋、道路和水道。
• 语言点：
  • eight kilometres long and 30 metres wide 形容词短语作 crack 的同位语（补充说明尺寸）。
  • cut across 横穿、切断。
• 难点：★ 数词 + 度量单位 + 形容词（long / wide / high）的表达。

⑭ Hard hills of rock became rivers of dirt.

• 翻译：坚硬的岩石山丘变成了泥土的河流。
• 语言点：became (become 的过去式)；rivers of dirt 暗喻。
• 难点：★ 暗喻（metaphor）修辞，凸显地裂的恐怖。

⑮ In less than one minute, a large city lay in ruins.

• 翻译：不到一分钟，一座大城市就成了废墟。
• 语言点：
  • In less than one minute 不到一分钟。
  • lay in ruins 成为废墟（lie 的过去式 lay）。
• 难点：★ lie（lay/lain）躺/处于；ruins 用复数表”废墟”。

⑯ Two thirds of the people who lived there were dead or injured.

• 翻译：那里三分之二的居民非死即伤。
• 语言点：
  • Two thirds of ……的三分之二（分子 2 > 1，分母 third 加 s）。
  • who lived there 定语从句，修饰 people。
• 难点：★ “分数 + of + 复数名词”作主语，谓语用复数（were）。

⑰ The number of people who were killed or badly injured in the quake was more than 400,000.

• 翻译：在地震中遇难或受重伤的人数超过四十万。
• 语言点：
  • The number of … was … ……的数目是（谓语用单数）。
  • who were killed or badly injured 定语从句，修饰 people。
• 难点：★ The number of（单数谓语）vs A number of（复数谓语）。

第 3 段（震后惨状）

⑱ Everywhere survivors looked, there was nothing but ruins.

• 翻译：幸存者放眼望去，到处只有废墟。
• 语言点：
  • Everywhere survivors looked 让步状语从句（= No matter where …）。
  • nothing but 只、只不过（= only）。
• 难点：★ Everywhere 作连词引导地点/让步状语从句。

⑲ Bricks covered the ground like red autumn leaves, but no wind could blow them away.

• 翻译：砖块像红色的秋叶一样铺满地面，但没有风能把它们吹走。
• 语言点：
  • like red autumn leaves 明喻（simile）。
  • blow away 吹走。
• 难点：★ 明喻修辞——把碎砖比作落叶，凸显数量之多、灾难之重。

⑳ Most bridges had fallen or were not safe to cross.

• 翻译：大多数桥梁已经坍塌，或者已经不安全、无法通行。
• 语言点：
  • had fallen 过去完成时（坍塌发生在描述之时以前）。
  • safe to cross 安全到可以通过（不定式作状语）。

㉑ The railway tracks were now useless pieces of metal.

• 翻译：铁轨现在成了无用的金属。
• 语言点：
  • useless adj. 无用的（use + less）。
  • pieces of metal 金属块。
• 难点：暗喻——铁轨扭曲成废铁。

㉒ People were in shock — and then, later that afternoon, another big quake shook Tangshan again.

• 翻译：人们惊魂未定——然后，那天下午晚些时候，又一次大地震震撼了唐山。
• 语言点：
  • in shock 震惊地、惊魂未定。
  • shook (shake 的过去式) 震撼、震动。
• 难点：破折号表转折，“another big quake”雪上加霜。

㉓ Water, food, and electricity were hard to get.

• 翻译：水、食物和电都很难获得。
• 语言点：
  • be hard to get 难以获得（= be difficult to get）。
  • 主语是事物时，用主动表被动。

第 4 段（救援与重建）

㉔ But hope was not lost.

• 翻译：但希望并没有破灭。
• 语言点：hope was not lost 被动语态，承上启下的转折句。

㉕ Soon after the quakes, the army sent 150,000 soldiers to Tangshan to dig out those who were trapped and to bury the dead.

• 翻译：地震发生后不久，军队派遣十五万名士兵到唐山，挖出被困者并埋葬死者。
• 语言点：
  • Soon after the quakes 地震后不久。
  • send sb to sp to do 派某人到某地做。
  • to dig out … and to bury … 两个不定式表目的。
  • those who were trapped 定语从句，修饰 those。
  • the dead 死者（the + 形容词表一类人）。
• 难点：★ the + 形容词表一类人（the dead / the injured / the rich）。

㉖ Workers built shelters for survivors whose homes had been destroyed.

• 翻译：工人们为家园被毁的幸存者搭建了避难所。
• 语言点：
  • build shelters for 为……搭建避难所。
  • whose homes had been destroyed 定语从句，whose 表”幸存者的”。
  • had been destroyed 过去完成时被动。
• 难点：★ whose 引导定语从句表所属关系。

㉗ Slowly, the city began to breathe again.

• 翻译：慢慢地，这座城市又开始呼吸了。
• 语言点：breathe v. 呼吸。
• 难点：★ 拟人（personification）——把城市拟人化，表复苏。

㉘ Tangshan started to revive itself and get back up on its feet.

• 翻译：唐山开始自我复苏，重新站了起来。
• 语言点：
  • revive v. 复苏、复兴。
  • get back up on its feet 重新站起来（= recover）。
• 难点：拟人 + 习语。

㉙ With strong support from the government and the tireless efforts of the city’s people, a new Tangshan was built upon the earthquake ruins.

• 翻译：在政府的大力支持和市民的不懈努力下，一个新唐山在地震废墟上建立起来。
• 语言点：
  • With strong support … with 复合结构，作原因/条件状语。
  • tireless efforts 不懈的努力。
  • upon the earthquake ruins 在废墟之上。
• 难点：★ with 复合结构作状语。

㉚ Tangshan city has proved to China and the rest of the world that in times of disaster, people must unify and show the wisdom to stay positive and rebuild for a brighter future.

• 翻译：唐山向中国和世界其他地方证明，在灾难时刻，人们必须团结起来，展现保持积极、为更美好的未来而重建的智慧。
• 语言点：
  • has proved … that … 现在完成时 + 宾语从句。
  • in times of disaster 在灾难时刻。
  • unify v. 团结、统一。
  • show the wisdom to do 展现做……的智慧。
  • stay positive 保持积极。
• 难点：★ 长句：宾语从句 + 不定式作定语 + 并列动词。

作文写作与表达素材

教材写作示例原文：Tsunami Hits Asia

The Daily News

Tsunami Hits Asia: Over 6,500 Dead
By Robert Woodhouse, Monday, 27 December 2004

The most powerful earthquake in the past 40 years caused a tsunami that crashed into coastlines across Asia yesterday, killing more than 6,500 people in Indonesia, India, Thailand, Malaysia, and at least four other countries. Fishermen, tourists, hotels, homes, and cars were swept away by huge waves caused by the strong earthquake that reached a magnitude of 9.0. The undersea quake struck around 7:00 a.m. Sunday off the west coast of Indonesia’s Sumatra Island. In that area alone, at least 1,870 people were killed.

In Sri Lanka, some 1,600 kilometres west of the quake centre, the number of deaths stood at 2,498, and one million more were affected by the tsunami, government officials said. Indian officials said as many as 1,900 had been killed along the southern coast. Another 254 were found dead in Thailand and 54 in three other countries. In southern Thailand, 1,900 people were hurt and many more were missing, local officials said.

“I was having breakfast with my three children when water started filling my home. We had to leave everything and run to safety,” said Chandra Theeravit, a local Thai woman. Thousands of people are still missing, and the number of deaths is expected to grow even higher over the next few days. Foreign aid is being organised for the tsunami-hit countries. However, dangerous conditions and damaged roads will make it difficult to deliver food and supplies.

教材摘要示例

On 26 December 2004, a tsunami killed more than 6,500 tourists, fishermen, and other locals in Asia. Thousands of people are missing and the number of deaths is expected to grow. The damage caused by the tsunami is making it difficult for rescue workers to help the survivors.

本单元写作任务是 summary writing（摘要写作）。摘要要求用约 原文三分之一 的篇幅，概括文章的主要观点和最重要信息，不展开细节和例子。

摘要写作五要素（与单元 Reading for Writing 一致）

要素	说明	示例（以 The Night the Earth Didn’t Sleep 为例）
date（日期）	事件发生的时间	On 28 July 1976
time（时刻）	具体时间	at 3:42 a.m.
place（地点）	事件发生的地点	Tangshan, China
event（事件）	发生了什么	a deadly earthquake struck
cause / effect（原因/结果）	起因与影响	killing over 400,000 people; the city lay in ruins
following events（后续）	后续发展	the army rescued survivors; the city was rebuilt

摘要写作步骤

1. Read 通读全文，列出主要细节（main details）。
2. Summarise 写出每段的主旨（main idea）。
3. Organise 组织要点，草拟摘要——
   • 篇幅约为原文的 1/3；
   • 只写关键支撑点，不写细节和例子；
   • 用自己的话改写，不照抄原句；
   • 时态通常与原文一致（叙事用过去时）。
4. Check 对照检查表（main points / length / tense / spelling）。

摘要写作常用句型

• On … (date), … happened in … (place).
• The disaster killed / injured / affected … (number) people.
• … caused great damage to …
• Thanks to …, … was rebuilt / recovered.
• The event shows that …

描述自然灾害的话题词汇

• 灾害类型：earthquake, flood, drought, tornado, tsunami, wildfire, volcanic eruption, landslide
• 灾害动词：strike, hit, crash into, sweep away, destroy, damage, ruin
• 灾害影响：kill, injure, trap, affect, leave … in ruins, cause damage
• 救援：rescue, dig out, provide medical care, build shelters, send soldiers
• 重建：revive, get back on one’s feet, rebuild, unify, stay positive

给安全指引的功能句（Listening and Talking）

• First / First of all, you should …
• Stay calm. / Stay indoors. / Stay away from …
• Cover your … / Move to a safe place.
• Don’t drive or walk outside.
• Make sure … / Call an emergency number.
• Collect water and food if you can. Finally, …

连接词与过渡

• 表顺序：First, … Then, … Next, … Finally, …
• 表因果：because, so, therefore, as a result, due to
• 表对比：but, however, while, whereas
• 表总结：in short, in a word, to sum up

重点与易错点

本单元重点

• 语篇主线：文章按“震前异常—地震发生—城市毁坏—救援重建”推进，事实数据、拟人和比喻共同增强了灾难叙事的现场感。
• 语法主线：限制性定语从句用关系词补充限定信息；理解先行词、从句成分和关系词功能，比机械背诵关系词更重要。
• 写作主线：摘要只保留日期、地点、事件、影响和后续结果，用自己的话压缩，不展开例子和次要细节。

易错辨析

易错形式	正确表达	判断依据
The number of people were …	The number of people was …	the number of 表示“……的数目”，中心词 number 为单数。
A number of people was …	A number of people were …	a number of 表示“许多”，后面的复数名词决定谓语用复数。
lie / lay 混用	lie—lay—lain；lay—laid—laid	lie 表示“处于、躺”，过去式是 lay；lay 表示“放置”，过去式和过去分词都是 laid。
the people which …	the people who …	先行词 people 指人，作主语时通常用 who。
the reason because …	the reason why … / the reason that …	reason 后的限制性定语从句可用 why 或 that，because 不直接充当关系词。
as if the world was coming …	as if the world were coming …	与现在事实相反的假设中，be 动词通常用 were。
two third of people	two thirds of the people	分子大于 1 时，序数词分母用复数。